Anaesthetic considerations for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Minimally invasive surgical procedures aim to minimize the trauma of the interventional process but still achieve a satisfactory therapeutic result. Tissue trauma is significantly less than that with conventional open procedures, offering the advantages of reduced post-operative pain, shorter hospital stay, more rapid return to normal activities and significant cost savings. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is now a routinely performed procedure and has replaced conventional open cholecystectomy as the procedure of choice for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Public expectation and developments in instrumentation have fuelled this change. The physiological effects of intraperitoneal carbon dioxide insufflation combined with variations in patient positioning can have a major impact on cardiorespiratory function, particularly in elderly patients with co-morbidities. Intra-operative complications may include traumatic injuries associated with blind trocar insertion, gas embolism, pneumothorax and surgical emphysema associated with extraperitoneal insufflation. Appropriate monitoring and a high index of suspicion can result in early diagnosis of, and treatment of, complications. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has proven to be a major advance in the treatment of patients with symptomatic gallbladder disease.