Conditioned appetitive stimulus increases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of the rat.

This study used in vivo microdialysis to examine the release of dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (nAc) during the performance of a previously learned, signalled sucrose reward task, and during conditioning of a neutral tone stimulus to this reward. Behavioural measures (magazine entries) confirmed that stimuli associated with sucrose presentation became secondary rewarding stimuli, and DA release was also monitored during subsequent presentation of these stimuli alone. Perhaps surprisingly, during magazine entry for consumption of sucrose, i.e. in conditions similar to routine training, dialysate DA levels in the nAc did not increase. In contrast, during conditioning of the tone with light-sucrose, dopamine levels increased consistently and significantly. Interestingly, DA levels were somewhat, but significantly, increased when tone alone was presented in a test session, i.e. two hours after conditioning, and even more so when tone was combined with the light previously associated with sucrose. In this latter case the number of magazine entries increased to a level similar to that seen during conditioning. Presentation of light alone resulted in a similar level of magazine entries to tone alone, but no significant increase in DA. In summary, these studies confirm that a neutral stimulus can acquire the behavioural properties of reward when conditioned. The neurochemical data, on the other hand, suggest that increases of DA in nAc are more likely to be related to new associative learning than to established incentive or consumatory processes. The increase in DA release in the test session may be related either to the secondary reinforcing properties acquired by the stimulus, or to the change in contingencies, or to the aversive effects of the omission of reward.