Cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen: negative effect of disaccharides in vitrification solution.

Given that it has been possible to successfully cryopreserve human ovarian tissue by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen, this study was designed to establish the future direction to be taken in this line of research. Bovine oviductal epithelial fragments (as a tissue model) and large biopsy fragments (approximately 2.0 cubic mm) of human ovarian tissue were used for cryopreservation. Two protocols were tested: with permeable cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulphoxide, propylene glycol, glycerol) + egg yolk + sucrose or trehalose + a synthetic blocker of ice nucleation, Supercool X-1000; and using only permeable cryoprotectants (glycerol and ethylene glycol) + egg yolk + Supercool X-1000. The cryopreserved tissue specimens were subsequently thawed and the cryoprotectants removed by dilution in graded sucrose solutions. Both the dynamic growth and hormonal activity of the ovarian tissue pieces, vitrified using only permeable cryoprotectants, were greater than after vitrification in a mixture of permeable cryoprotectants and sucrose. Unlike the case for other reproductive tissue (spermatozoa, oocytes, embryos), these findings suggest that the cryopreservation of ovarian tissue by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen must be achieved by vitrification using only permeable cryoprotectants and agents that prevention ice formation.