Common craniofacial anomalies: the facial dysostoses.

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Understand the etiology and pathogenesis of facial dysostosis syndromes. 2. Recognize and classify common facial dysostoses. 3. Understand the different management plans for the reconstruction of facial dysostoses. The wide spectrum of craniofacial malformations makes classification difficult. A simple classification system allows an overview of the current understanding of the etiology, assessment, and treatment of the most frequently encountered craniofacial anomalies. Facial dysostoses are reviewed on the basis of their diverse etiology, pathogenesis, anatomy, and treatment. Conditions discussed include craniofacial microsomia, Goldenhar syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, Nager syndrome, Binder syndrome, and Pierre Robin sequence. Approaches to the surgical management of these conditions are reviewed.