A contemporary approach to dysmenorrhea in adolescents.

Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecologic complaint among adolescent girls. Despite progress in understanding the physiology of dysmenorrhea and the availability of effective treatments, many adolescent girls do not seek medical advice or are undertreated. Dysmenorrhea in adolescents is usually primary (functional), and is associated with normal ovulatory cycles and no pelvic pathology. In approximately 10% of adolescents with severe dysmenorrhea, pelvic abnormalities such as endometriosis or uterine anomalies may be found. Potent prostaglandins from the second series and potent leukotrienes from the fourth series play an important role in generating dysmenorrhea symptoms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common pharmacologic treatment for dysmenorrhea. A loading dose of NSAIDs (typically twice the regular dose) should be used as initial treatment for dysmenorrhea in adolescents followed by a regular dose until symptoms abate. Adolescents with symptoms that do not respond to treatment with NSAIDs for three menstrual periods should be offered combined estrogen/ progestin oral contraceptive pills for three menstrual cycles. Adolescents with dysmenorrhea who do not respond to this treatment should be evaluated for secondary causes of dysmenorrhea. Adolescent care providers have the important roles of educating adolescent girls about menstruation-associated symptoms, as well as evaluating and effectively treating patients with dysmenorrhea.