Eibert R Heerdink1, John Urquhart, Hubert G Leufkens. 1. Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), The Netherlands. E.R.Heerdink@pharm.uu.nl
Abstract
PURPOSE: The establishment of recommended dosing regimens has always been a difficult aspect of drug development. This paper examines the extent to which postmarketing prescribing deviates from initially recommended dosing regimens. We used the World Health Organization's (WHO) periodically updated compilation of the 'Defined Daily Dose' (DDD) to reflect prevailing patterns of prescribing in national markets. The aim of this study was to evaluate DDD changes over time (1982-2000) and to identify possible determinants of these changes. METHODS: Data on DDD changes were obtained from the WHO's Oslo Collaborating Centre. We performed a case-control analysis in which we compared drugs with (cases) and without (controls) postmarketing changes in DDD on possible determinants associated with DDD change. RESULTS: We found 115 instances of a change of DDD in the period 1982-2000 (45 (39.1%) increases and 70 (60.9%) decreases). Antibiotics showed the greatest number of changes in DDD: predominantly increases in the 1980s, while the 1990s were dominated by decreases in DDD of mostly cardiovascular drugs. CONCLUSION: Changes in DDD reflect the outcome of a melange of forces, including misconceptions of dose requirements during pre-market development of drug and postmarketing changes in pharmacotherapeutic knowledge, clinical concepts, economic forces, and, in the case of anti-infective agents, changing patterns of resistance/sensitivity of target microorganisms to the anti-infective agent(s) in question.
PURPOSE: The establishment of recommended dosing regimens has always been a difficult aspect of drug development. This paper examines the extent to which postmarketing prescribing deviates from initially recommended dosing regimens. We used the World Health Organization's (WHO) periodically updated compilation of the 'Defined Daily Dose' (DDD) to reflect prevailing patterns of prescribing in national markets. The aim of this study was to evaluate DDD changes over time (1982-2000) and to identify possible determinants of these changes. METHODS: Data on DDD changes were obtained from the WHO's Oslo Collaborating Centre. We performed a case-control analysis in which we compared drugs with (cases) and without (controls) postmarketing changes in DDD on possible determinants associated with DDD change. RESULTS: We found 115 instances of a change of DDD in the period 1982-2000 (45 (39.1%) increases and 70 (60.9%) decreases). Antibiotics showed the greatest number of changes in DDD: predominantly increases in the 1980s, while the 1990s were dominated by decreases in DDD of mostly cardiovascular drugs. CONCLUSION: Changes in DDD reflect the outcome of a melange of forces, including misconceptions of dose requirements during pre-market development of drug and postmarketing changes in pharmacotherapeutic knowledge, clinical concepts, economic forces, and, in the case of anti-infective agents, changing patterns of resistance/sensitivity of target microorganisms to the anti-infective agent(s) in question.
Authors: Hans-Georg Eichler; Eric Abadie; Alasdair Breckenridge; Bruno Flamion; Lars L Gustafsson; Hubert Leufkens; Malcolm Rowland; Christian K Schneider; Brigitte Bloechl-Daum Journal: Nat Rev Drug Discov Date: 2011-07-01 Impact factor: 84.694