Compromised influenza virus-specific CD8(+)-T-cell memory in CD4(+)-T-cell-deficient mice.

The primary influenza A virus-specific CD8(+)-T-cell responses measured by tetramer staining of spleen, lymph node, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) lymphocyte populations were similar in magnitude for conventional I-A(b+/+) and CD4(+)-T-cell-deficient I-A(b-/-) mice. Comparable levels of virus-specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte activity were detected in the inflammatory exudate recovered by BAL following challenge. However, both the size of the memory T-cell pool and the magnitude of the recall response in the lymphoid tissues (but not the BAL specimens) were significantly diminished in mice lacking the CD4(+) subset. Also, the rate of virus elimination from the infected respiratory tract slowed at low virus loads following challenge of naïve and previously immunized I-A(b-/-) mice. Thus, though the capacity to mediate the CD8(+)-T-cell effector function is broadly preserved in the absence of concurrent CD4(+)-T-cell help, both the maintenance and recall of memory are compromised and the clearance of residual virus is delayed. These findings are consistent with mathematical models that predict virus-host dynamics in this, and other, models of infection.