Phylogenetics of Australian Acacia thrips: the evolution of behaviour and ecology.

The species of thrips found on Acacia constitute a major component of the Australian thrips fauna, with at least 235 species in more than 30 genera, many of these being in the process of description as new. These thrips exhibit social behaviours, ranging from solitary and colonial species to a variety of more complex social organisations. Furthermore, the domiciliary habits of these species include domicile construction, gall induction, and opportunistic use of abandoned galls and domiciles. This suite of thrips also includes a variety of inquiline and kleptoparasitic taxa. To understand how these various traits have evolved and interact in this diverse group, we have reconstructed a phylogeny for 42 species of thrips associated with Acacia around Australia. We obtained DNA sequence data from two nuclear genes (Elongation Factor-1alpha and wingless) and one mitochondrial gene (cytochrome oxidase I) and analysed these using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. A phylogeny resulting from such analysis allows inference of evolutionary transitions in domiciliary habits, social organisations, and parasitic behaviours. Gall induction and parasitic behaviour are postulated to each have a single origin, with no losses of either trait. Once parasitism evolved a remarkable radiation followed that allowed exploitation of very diverse hosts. Our data do not allow hypotheses of single versus multiple origins of domicile building to be resolved while opportunistic gall use appears to have arisen several times. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)