Nicorandil and leukocyte activation.

Nicorandil, a hybrid compound of an ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP ) channel opener and a nitric oxide donor, has been reported to preserve microvascular integrity in patients with reperfused myocardial infarction. The aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that nicorandil suppresses activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), resulting in reduction of PMNL migration into tissue upon ischemia/reperfusion. Nicorandil, along with the mitochondrial KATP channel opener diazoxide and the nitric oxide donors nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate, suppressed pseudopod projection in human PMNLs treated with 10(-9)-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and subjected to shear stress (5 dyn/cm(2)) with a cone-and-plate shear device. Suppression by nicorandil and diazoxide was reversed by KATP channel blockers, 5 hydroxydecanoate and glibenclamide. FMLP-induced increase of [Ca2+] in PMNLs was suppressed by nicorandil and diazoxide, and 5 hydroxy-decanoate and glibenclamide reversed this suppression. Results of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with rat PMNL mRNA indicated the presence of mRNAs of Kir6.2 and Kir6.1 but not mRNAs of sulfonylurea receptor 1 or 2. Isosorbide dinitrate, diazoxide, and nicorandil reduced leukocyte migration and microvascular obstruction in reperfused ischemic tissue of rat mesenteric microcirculation. In conclusion, nicorandil attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced PMNL activation via donation of nitric oxide and K channel-related cascade.