Profiling gene transcription in vivo reveals adipose tissue as an immediate target of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: implications for insulin resistance.

Despite extensive studies implicating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha as a contributing cause of insulin resistance, the mechanism(s) by which TNF-alpha alters energy metabolism in vivo and the tissue specificity of TNF-alpha action are unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of TNF-alpha infusion on gene expression and energy metabolism in adult rats. A 1-day TNF-alpha treatment decreased overall insulin sensitivity and caused a 70% increase (P = 0.005) in plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) and a 46% decrease (P = 0.01) in ACRP30. A 4-day TNF-alpha infusion caused insulin resistance and significant elevation of plasma levels of FFAs and triglycerides and reduction of ACRP30. Plasma glucose concentration was not altered following TNF-alpha infusion for up to 4 days. As revealed by oligonucleotide microarrays, TNF-alpha evoked major and rapid changes in adipocyte gene expression, favoring FFA release and cytokine production, and fewer changes in liver gene expression, but favoring FFA and cholesterol synthesis and VLDL production. There was only a moderate repressive effect on skeletal muscle gene expression. We demonstrate that TNF-alpha antagonizes the actions of insulin, at least in part, through regulation of adipocyte gene expression including reduction in ACRP30 mRNA and induction of lipolysis resulting in increased plasma FFAs. TNF-alpha later alters systemic energy homeostasis that closely resembles the insulin resistance phenotype. Our data suggest that blockade of TNF-alpha action in adipose tissue may prevent TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance in vivo.