Evidence for cadmium mobilization of intracellular calcium through a divalent cation receptor in renal distal epithelial A6 cells.

The effect of Cd(2+) on intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis was examined in renal epithelial A6 cells loaded with Fura-2. Cd(2+) (10 microM to 1 mM) produced a transient spike in cytosolic Ca(2+) in a dose-dependent manner. The phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 and the cation receptor agonist, neomycin, both diminish Cd(2+)-evoked increase in intracellular Ca(2+) ([deltaCa(2+)](Cd)). Further, thapsigargin, an inhibitor of intracellular Ca(2+)-ATPases, significantly reduced [deltaCa(2+)](Cd). Extending these observations, inositol-3-phosphate (IP(3)) binding studies showed that the resting level of intracellular IP(3) underwent a 1.45-fold increase when exposed to Cd(2+). Furthermore, we found that the Cd(2+)-related heavy metals, Zn(2+) and Ni(2+), were even more potent inducers of Ca(2+) mobilization and IP(3) generation than Cd(2+). It can be concluded that Cd(2+), and possibly Zn(2+) and Ni(2+), may act as agonists of a cation-sensing receptor (CSR) belonging to G-protein receptors capable of mediating IP(3) release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. The CSR receptor in A6 epithelia could not be stimulated with neomycin or Gd(3+), suggesting that the receptor is different from the calcium-sensing receptor.