CD28, TNF receptor, and IL-12 are critical for CD4-independent cross-priming of therapeutic antitumor CD8+ T cells.

Previously, we have shown that priming of therapeutic CD8(+) T cells in tumor vaccine-draining lymph nodes of mice vaccinated with GM-CSF secreting B16BL6 melanoma cells occurs independent of CD4 T cell help. In this study, we examined the contribution of the major costimulatory molecules, CD40 ligand (CD40L), CD80, and CD86, in the priming of CD8(+) T cells. Priming of therapeutic CD8(+) T cells by a GM-CSF-transduced tumor vaccine did not require CD40 and CD40L interactions, as therapeutic T cells could be generated from mice injected with anti-CD40L Ab and from CD40L knockout mice. However, costimulation via either CD80 or CD86 was required, as therapeutic T cells could be generated from mice injected with either anti-CD80 or anti-CD86 Ab alone, but administration of both Abs completely inhibited the priming of therapeutic T cells. Blocking experiments also identified that priming of therapeutic T cells in MHC class II-deficient mice required TNFR and IL-12 signaling, but signaling through CD40, lymphotoxin-betaR, or receptor activator of NF-kappaB was not essential. Thus, cross-priming of therapeutic CD8(+) T cells by a tumor vaccine transduced with GM-CSF requires TNFR, IL-12, and CD28 signaling.