Long-term facilitation of ventilation is not present during wakefulness in healthy men or women.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is more common in men than in women for reasons that are unclear. The stability of the respiratory controller has been proposed to be important in OSA pathogenesis and may be involved in the gender difference in prevalence. Repetitive hypoxia elicits a progressive rise in ventilation in animals [long-term facilitation (LTF)]. There is uncertainty whether LTF occurs in humans, but if present it may stabilize respiration and possibly also the upper airway. This study was conducted to determine 1) whether LTF exists during wakefulness in healthy human subjects and, if so, whether it is more pronounced in women than men and 2) whether inspiratory pump and upper airway dilator muscle activities are affected differently by repetitive hypoxia. Twelve healthy young men and ten women in the luteal menstrual phase were fitted with a nasal mask and intramuscular genioglossal EMG (EMGgg) recording electrodes. After 5 min of rest, subjects were exposed to ten 2-min isocapnic hypoxic periods (approximately 9% O(2) in N(2), arterial O(2) saturation approximately 80%) separated by 2 min of room air. Inspired minute ventilation (Vi) and peak inspiratory EMGgg activity were averaged over 30-s intervals, and respiratory data were compared between genders during and after repetitive hypoxia by using ANOVA for repeated measures. Vi during recovery from repetitive hypoxia was not different from the resting level and not different between genders. There was no facilitation of EMGgg activity during or after repetitive hypoxia. EMGgg activity was reduced below baseline during recovery from repetitive hypoxia in women. In conclusion, we have found no evidence of LTF of ventilation or upper airway dilator muscle activity in healthy subjects during wakefulness.