Synaptotagmin I increases the probability of vesicle fusion at low [Ca2+] in pituitary cells.

Synaptotagmin I (Syt I), a low-affinity Ca(2+)-binding protein, is thought to serve as the Ca(2+) sensor in the release of neurotransmitter. However, functional studies on the calyx of Held synapse revealed that the rapid release of neurotransmitter requires only approximately micromolar [Ca(2+)], suggesting that Syt I may play a more complex role in determining the high-affinity Ca(2+) dependence of exocytosis. Here we tested this hypothesis by studying pituitary cells, which possess high- and low-affinity Ca(2+)-dependent exocytic pathways and express Syt I. Using patch-clamp capacitance measurements to monitor secretion and the acute antisense deletion of Syt I from differentiated cells, we have shown that the rapid and the most Ca(2+)-sensitive pathway of exocytosis in rat melanotrophs requires Syt I. Furthermore, stimulation of the Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis by cytosol dialysis with solutions containing 1 microM [Ca(2+)] was completely abolished in the absence of Syt I. Similar results were obtained by the preinjection of antibodies against the CAPS (Ca(2+)-dependent activator protein for secretion) protein. These results indicate that synaptotagmin I and CAPS proteins increase the probability of vesicle fusion at low cytosolic [Ca(2+)].