Peteosthor - a medical disaster due to Radium-224A personal recollection.

Up to the end of World War II, there was no effective therapy against bone tuberculosis, and even today there is no treatment for ankylosing spondylitis. However, in the 1940s up to about 1956, radiotherapy with "Peteosthor" - a drug containing Thorium X ((224)Ra) as an effective compound - was introduced in Germany as a presumed cure and it maintained a central place in the treatment of these diseases. In 1948, I was entrusted to assess the new treatment. Animal studies and the clinical evaluation of the patients made me soon realise a number of severe adverse health effects which induced me to pronounce and subsequently repeat warnings against the intravenous administration of high doses of (224)Ra, especially because it was then administered predominantly to children and juveniles. As a consequence, this type of treatment was finally abandoned in 1956. But there remained a need to observe and document the resulting late health effects. Already in 1967, our initial follow-up study provided data for about 800 patients with exact information on the (224)Ra dose levels administered, administration schemes, and the resulting detrimental effects. A large number of bone sarcomas was the most severe consequence, but even today there is a broad spectrum of other grave health effects. A summary of the major scientific insights which have been achieved in the course of the still on-going epidemiological studies is part of this report.