The murine gene encoding parathyroid hormone: genomic organization, nucleotide sequence and transcriptional regulation.

The type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR1) binds, with equal affinity, two ligands with distinct biological functions: PTH, the major peptide hormone controlling calcium homeostasis, and the paracrine factor, PTH-related peptide (PTHrP), a local regulator of cellular proliferation and differentiation. To clarify the complexity of possible interactions between two distinct ligands, PTH and PTHrP, and their common receptor in the intact organism, and to identify as yet unrecognized roles for PTH in normal physiology, we have cloned and characterized the structural organization, nucleotide sequence and transcriptional regulation of the murine gene encoding PTH. One recombinant clone isolated from a mouse genomic library contained 14 kb of DNA, encompassing the entire Pth gene. The transcriptional unit spans 3.2 kb of genomic DNA and, analogous to the human PTH gene, it is interrupted by two introns. The deduced mRNA encodes the 115-amino acid precursor, preproPTH. Comparison of the murine preproPTH sequence with other mammalian forms of the protein shows it to be highly conserved and to share limited structural similarity to PTHrP at the amino-terminal region, a domain critical for binding and activation of their common receptor. Putative binding motifs for the transcription factors sex-determining region Y gene product, transcriptional repressor CDP, hepatic nuclear factor 3beta, GATA-binding factor 1, glucocorticoid receptor, SRY-related high mobility group box protein 5 and cAMP response element binding protein were identified in the 5' flanking region of the Pth gene. When placed upstream of a reporter gene, these sequences failed to confer transcriptional regulation in response to 1,25(OH)(2) vitamin D(3), but responded positively to the addition of isoproterenol and forskolin. Mutational analysis identified a cAMP-response element in the Pth promoter.