The glial design of a teleost optic nerve head supporting continuous growth.

This study demonstrates the peculiarities of the glial organization of the optic nerve head (ONH) of a fish, the tench (Tinca tinca), by using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. We employed antibodies specific for the macroglial cells: glutamine synthetase (GS), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and S100. We also used the N518 antibody to label the new ganglion cells' axons, which are continuously added to the fish retina, and the anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody to specifically locate dividing cells. We demonstrate a specific regional adaptation of the GS-S100-positive Müller cells' vitreal processes around the optic disc, strongly labeled with the anti-GFAP antibody. In direct contact with these Müller cells' vitreal processes, there are S100-positive astrocytes and S100-negative cells ultrastructurally identified as microglial cells. Moreover, a population of PCNA-positive cells, characterized as glioblasts, forms the limit between the retina and the optic nerve in a region homologous to the Kuhnt intermediary tissue of mammals. Finally, in the intraocular portion of the optic nerve there are differentiating oligodendrocytes arranged in rows. Both the glioblasts and the rows of developing cells could serve as a pool of glial elements for the continuous growth of the visual system.