Antioxidant nutrients and adriamycin toxicity.

The anthracycline antibiotic adriamycin (doxorubicin) is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents against a wide variety of cancers. However, its use is seriously limited by the development in the heart of acute and chronic toxic effects. Mechanisms of action and toxicity of adriamycin are briefly revised in this review. Among followed strategies to attenuate adriamycin toxicity are dosage optimisation, synthesis and use of analogues or combined therapy with antioxidants. The most promising results come from the combination of the drug delivery together with an antioxidant in order to reduce oxidative stress. Many antioxidants have been assayed with very different results. Among these molecules, metal ions chelators and low-molecular-mass agents that scavenge reactive oxygen species and that are synthesised in vivo have been widely studied. However, the present review will be exclusively focused on the antioxidants that are derived from the diet, in particular the role of vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, coenzyme Q, flavonoids, antioxidant components of virgin olive oil and selenium.