Deprotonation and dimerization of maleimide in the triplet state: a laser flash photolysis study with optical and conductometric detection.

The photochemistry of maleimide in aqueous solution is governed by the coexistence of up to three different triplet states, the keto triplet (lambda(max)=250, 330 nm, lambda(min)=290 nm, pK(a)=4.4+/-0.1, tau=5 micros), the deprotonated or enolate triplet (lambda(max)=360, 260 nm, lambda(min)=320 nm, shoulder at 370-380 nm) and a dimer triplet. This biradical is formed by the addition of the keto triplet to the double bond of a ground state maleimide in competition with electron transfer, (k( (3)MI+MI)=2.6 x 10(9) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1)). Its spectrum is identical to that of the maleimide H-adduct radical (lambda(max)=370-380 (broad), 255 nm (narrow), lambda(min)=290 nm) and its lifetime is 110 ns. While protolysis is confined to maleimide and aqueous solutions, the dimer triplet is also found in acetonitrile. Dimer triplet formation is also observed with N-ethylmaleimide. Time-resolved conductometry and buffer experiments were used to characterise excited state protolysis. Multi-wavelength "global analysis" of the time profiles allowed the separation of the transient spectra and study of the kinetics of the monomer and dimer triplets. The cyclobutane dimer yield (determined by GC) is independent of maleimide concentration. This indicates that the dimer triplet does not contribute significantly to the initiation of free-radical polymerisation. Time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculations agree with the experimental data and further confirm the proposed mechanisms.