The double sperm line in Isochaetides (Annelida, Clitellata, Tubificidae).

Sperm morphology and spermatogenesis were examined in the oligochaete annelid Isochaetides arenarius, a species belonging to the subfamily Tubificinae inhabiting the sediments of Lake Baikal. As all tubificines, Isochaetides produces two types of spermatozoa, named eusperm and parasperm. The eusperm are the fertilizing male gametes and consist, in sequence, of an acrosome, a nucleus, a mitochondrial mid-piece, and a tail. The parasperm have the same general architecture, but differ in cytological details: the acrosome is shorter, devoid of a perforatorium, and the acrosome vesicle has a different, simpler, shape. The nucleus is much shorter and rectilinear (the eusperm nucleus is twisted). The mid-piece mitochondria are less numerous but their overall volume is larger. The flagellum has a plasma membrane largely separated from the axoneme, and is devoid of glycogen granules. After mating, the two sperm types gather in the spermathecae to form spermatozeugmata; in these structures the parasperm form an external sheath involving the centrally located eusperm and their tails are connected by conspicuous septate junctions. Parasperm nuclei are produced through a process of fragmentation of the 'spermatocytes', whereas the flagellar basal bodies are produced by a process similar to that giving rise to basal bodies in ciliated epithelia.