Two transactivation domains of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha regulated by the MEK-1/p42/p44 MAPK pathway.

At a low-oxygen tension, cells increase the expression of several genes (such as erythropoietin, the vascular endothelial growth factor, and glycolytic enzymes) in order to adapt to hypoxic stress. A common transactivator, named the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activates these genes. HIF-1 is a heterodimeric transactivator that is composed of alpha and beta subunits. HIF-1 activity is primarily determined by the hypoxia-induced stabilization of the alpha subunit, whereas the HIF-1beta subunit is expressed constitutively. Our previous observation implied that the MEK-1/p42/p44 MAPK pathway is involved in the hypoxia-induced transactivation ability, but not in the stabilization and DNA binding of HIF-1alpha. In this paper, we dissected the transactivation domain of HIF-1alpha in more detail, and tested the correlation between specific domains of HIF-1alpha and specific signaling pathways. We designed several fusion proteins that contain deletion mutants of HIF-1alpha that is linked to the DNA binding domain of the yeast protein Gal4. By using the Gal4-driven reporter system, we tested the transactivation activities of the Gal4/HIF-1alpha fusion proteins in Hep3B cells. Our findings suggest that tyrosine kinases, the MEK-1/p42/p44 MAPK pathway, but not the PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway, are involved in the hypoxia-induced transactivation of HIF-1alpha. We have shown that the functional transactivation activities are located at both 522-649 and 650-822 amino acids of HIF-1alpha. Treatment of PD98059, a MEK-1 inhibitor, blocked the hypoxia-induced transactivation abilities of both the 522-649 and 650-822 amino acids of the C-terminal half of HIF-1alpha. This implies that the MEK-1/p42/p44 MAPK signaling pathway cannot distinguish between the two hypoxia-induced transactivation domains.