Uniportal and biportal endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy.

Sypathectomy for treatment of hyperhidrosis and pain syndromes of the upper extremities has recently evolved from invasive open procedures to endoscopic procedures. These minimally invasive techniques also have evolved, from complex staged procedures with multiple ports to more simplified biportal and uniportal procedures that require minimal tissue disruption and more limited yet effective sympathectomy procedures. We describe our techniques, experience, and results using endoscopic sympathectomy procedures with further reduced invasiveness, morbidity, and complications.