Assay of Proton-Coupled Glycolate and D-Glycerate Transport into Chloroplast Inner Envelope Membrane Vesicles by Stopped-Flow Fluorescence.

The transport of glycolate and D-glycerate across the inner envelope membrane of intact chloroplasts is rapid and mediated by a translocator with proton/substrate symport activity. The true initial rate of glycolate or D-glycerate transport could not be measured by conventional methods. To resolve the initial rates of glycolate and D-glycerate transport, a stopped-flow fluorescence assay was developed that allows the indirect observation of transport from about 4 ms after mixing. Inner envelope vesicles from pea (Pisum sativum) or spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts were loaded with the fluorescent pH indicator pyranine (8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid) by a freeze-thaw sonication protocol. A rapid quenching of pyranine fluorescence was detected after mixing the vesicles with either glycolate or D-glycerate. This quenching was the result of acidification of the interior of the vesicles. D-Glycerate- or glycolate-induced acidification displayed saturation kinetics and was inhibited by pretreatment of the vesicles with N-ethylmaleimide. D-Glycerate was more effective than L-glycerate in causing the pH decrease. Also, L-mandelate inhibited D-glycerate-induced acidification much more strongly than D-mandelate. The glycolate/D-glycerate-induced pH decrease is consistent with glycolate/D-glycerate translocator activity. The assay was placed on a quantitative basis by converting fluorescence changes to pH and measuring the internal buffering capacity of the vesicles. The rates of transport across the inner envelope membrane were estimated to be as fast, if not faster, than those of transport in intact chloroplasts.