Adolescent substance abuse treatment: evidence-based practice in outpatient services.

Adolescent substance use disorder (SUD) is a serious public health concern. The majority of youth with SUD receive outpatient treatment. There is a pressing need to improve treatment outcome due to high rates of both premature treatment termination and relapse during and after treatment completion. Reviews of the latest innovations in the treatment of adolescent substance abuse and the recent completion of several randomized clinical trials examining singular and integrative treatment modalities have established empiric support for the efficacy of adolescent treatment. Despite some prominent differences in treatment modalities, design, and methodology, recent studies have reported remarkably similar short-term outcomes. Taken together, the findings represent significant developments in treatment outcome research, and lay the foundation for continued future research addressing important challenges. Potential directions include improving short- and long-term outcomes, enhancing motivation for treatment, improving engagement strategies, identifying challenges associated with psychiatric comorbidity, addressing patient-treatment matching, and developing aftercare programs.