BACKGROUND: Bacterial meningitis is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality world-wide. In the developing world, where the burden of acute meningitis and its long-term sequelae are especially high, staff with limited training at primary health care facilities must be able to recognize the symptoms and signs of meningitis, so that suspected cases can be referred urgently to hospitals. METHODS: Children who presented with possible invasive bacterial infection to health facilities in The Gambia, West Africa, between 1993 and 1995 were investigated in a standardized manner and clinical findings were documented. Bacterial meningitis was defined as the growth of bacteria from the cerebrospinal fluid. Clinical findings were compared between cases of meningitis and other children. RESULTS: Of 2097 children between 2 months and 3 years of age investigated, 51 had a confirmed diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. In multivariate analysis using a model adjusting for age but not including respiratory signs, the variables associated independently with meningitis were appearance of being very sick (odds ratio for meningitis vs. no meningitis or no lumbar puncture performed (OR) 4.1, 95% CI 1.5-11.1), being lethargic or unconscious (OR 5.2, 95% CI 2.1-13), a stiff neck (OR 29.3, 95% CI 12.2-70.3), a bulging fontanel (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.2-8.5) and reduced feeding as a prompted complaint (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.7). A combination model of a history of convulsions, or being lethargic or unconscious, or having a stiff neck, as used in the WHO-Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines, had a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 72% to predict meningitis. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of a limited number of signs is sufficient to predict meningitis with high sensitivity, without a large number of children who do not have meningitis being unnecessarily referred.
BACKGROUND:Bacterial meningitis is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality world-wide. In the developing world, where the burden of acute meningitis and its long-term sequelae are especially high, staff with limited training at primary health care facilities must be able to recognize the symptoms and signs of meningitis, so that suspected cases can be referred urgently to hospitals. METHODS:Children who presented with possible invasive bacterial infection to health facilities in The Gambia, West Africa, between 1993 and 1995 were investigated in a standardized manner and clinical findings were documented. Bacterial meningitis was defined as the growth of bacteria from the cerebrospinal fluid. Clinical findings were compared between cases of meningitis and other children. RESULTS: Of 2097 children between 2 months and 3 years of age investigated, 51 had a confirmed diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. In multivariate analysis using a model adjusting for age but not including respiratory signs, the variables associated independently with meningitis were appearance of being very sick (odds ratio for meningitis vs. no meningitis or no lumbar puncture performed (OR) 4.1, 95% CI 1.5-11.1), being lethargic or unconscious (OR 5.2, 95% CI 2.1-13), a stiff neck (OR 29.3, 95% CI 12.2-70.3), a bulging fontanel (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.2-8.5) and reduced feeding as a prompted complaint (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.7). A combination model of a history of convulsions, or being lethargic or unconscious, or having a stiff neck, as used in the WHO-Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines, had a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 72% to predict meningitis. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of a limited number of signs is sufficient to predict meningitis with high sensitivity, without a large number of children who do not have meningitis being unnecessarily referred.
Authors: Moses Laman; Laurens Manning; Andrew R Greenhill; Trevor Mare; Audrey Michael; Silas Shem; John Vince; William Lagani; Ilomo Hwaiwhanje; Peter M Siba; Ivo Mueller; Timothy M E Davis Journal: Am J Trop Med Hyg Date: 2012-02 Impact factor: 2.345
Authors: Clayton O Onyango; Vladimir Loparev; Shirley Lidechi; Vinod Bhullar; D Scott Schmid; Kay Radford; Michael K Lo; Paul Rota; Barbara W Johnson; Jorge Munoz; Martina Oneko; Deron Burton; Carolyn M Black; John Neatherlin; Joel M Montgomery; Barry Fields Journal: J Clin Microbiol Date: 2017-04-12 Impact factor: 5.948
Authors: Christina W Obiero; Neema Mturi; Salim Mwarumba; Moses Ngari; Charles R Newton; Michaël Boele van Hensbroek; James A Berkley Journal: BMC Med Date: 2021-06-04 Impact factor: 8.775
Authors: Ann Van den Bruel; Rudi Bruyninckx; Etienne Vermeire; Peter Aerssens; Bert Aertgeerts; Frank Buntinx Journal: BMC Fam Pract Date: 2005-08-26 Impact factor: 2.497