Apparent membrane pore-formation by Portuguese Man-of-war (Physalia physalis) venom in intact cultured cells.

Intracellular, ratiometric microfluorimetry with fura-2 reveals that low doses of Portuguese Man-of-war (Physalia physalis) venom cause a linear increase in intracellular calcium accumulation by cultured L-929 cells. The influx of calcium is preceded by a lag period that is relatively independent of venom concentration, except at very low concentrations. Electron micrographs of negatively stained preparations of membranes from venom-treated L-929 and GH(4)C(1) cells exhibit 10-80 nm diameter lesions. The number and diameter of these lesions correlate with venom concentration. The venom forms lesions in GH(4)C(1) cells at much lower concentrations than in L-929 cells. Osmotic protectants such as sucrose and polyethylene glycol (PEG), reduce the extent of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from venom-treated cells with the higher molecular weight PEG causing a greater inhibition of LDH release than sucrose. These results imply that Man-of-war venom produces pore-like structures in the membranes of target cells, which leads to colloid osmotic swelling with subsequent release of intracellular proteins and cell lysis.