Scanning the future--ultrasonography as a reproductive management tool for dairy cattle.

Application of transrectal real-time ultrasonography as a research tool to study bovine reproduction represents a technological breakthrough that has revolutionized our understanding of reproductive biology in cattle. The widespread adoption and use of ultrasonography for routine reproductive examinations of dairy cattle by bovine practitioners is the next contribution this technology will make to the dairy industry. Assessment of pregnancy status and fetal viability early postbreeding to identify cows that fail to conceive improves reproductive efficiency by decreasing the interval between artificial insemination services and increasing artificial insemination service rate. Early identification of cows carrying twin fetuses will allow for implementation of differential management strategies to abrogate negative effects of twinning during the periparturient period once such strategies have been developed. Ovarian and uterine pathologies not accurately detected via rectal palpation can easily be visualized by ultrasound, and appropriate therapies can be implemented. Determination of fetal sex in utero is useful when coupled with a management decision that justifies the expense of fetal sexing. Development of integrated reproductive management systems that combine ultrasound with new and existing reproductive technologies will further enhance the practical applications of ultrasonography. Development of Extension education programs to train bovine practitioners to use ultrasound for routine reproductive examinations is a critical step toward rapid implementation of this technology into the dairy industry.