Biofeedback in the treatment of headache and other childhood pain.

Since the first biofeedback (BFB) studies on pediatric pain were published in the early 1980s, most of the studies have focused on the treatment of pediatric migraine. More recently, BFB has also been evaluated in the treatment of tension headache in children. Not surprisingly, most of what we know about the efficacy and mechanisms of BFB in the treatment of children's pain problems concerns the treatment of childhood headache (HA). In this review, we provide a detailed summary of studies that have evaluated BFB in the treatment of childhood HAs with an emphasis on treatment outcome and maintenance of treatment success. Moreover, findings and hypotheses with regard to the mechanisms that may mediate the treatment effects of BFB are addressed. Finally, we discuss specific issues relating to the treatment of pain in children with BFB and outline future directions of research.