Ontogeny of squid mantle function: changes in the mechanics of escape-jet locomotion in the oval squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana lesson, 1830.

In Sepioteuthis lessoniana, the oval squid, ontogenetic changes in the kinematics of the mantle during escape-jet locomotion imply a decline in the relative mass flux of the escape jet and may affect the peak weight-specific thrust of the escape jet. To examine the relationship between ontogenetic changes in the kinematics of the mantle and the thrust generated during the escape jet, we simultaneously measured the peak thrust and the kinematics of the mantle of squid tethered to a force transducer. We tested an ontogenetic series of S. lessoniana that ranged in size from 5 to 40 mm dorsal mantle length (DML). In newly hatched squids, thrust peaked 40 ms after the start of the escape jet and reached a maximum of between 0.10 mN and 0.80 mN. In the largest animals, thrust peaked 70 ms after the start of the escape jet and reached a maximum of between 18 mN and 110 mN. Peak thrust was normalized by the wet weight of the squid and also by the cross-sectional area of the circumferential muscle that provides power for the escape jet. The weight-specific peak thrust of the escape jet averaged 0.36 in newly hatched squid and increased significantly to an average of 1.5 in the largest squids measured (P < 0.01). The thrust per unit area of circumferential muscle averaged 0.25 mN/mm(2) in hatchlings and increased significantly to an average of 1.4 mN/mm(2) in the largest animals tested (P < 0.01). The impulse of the escape jet was also lowest in newly hatched individuals (1.3 mN. s) and increased significantly to 1000 mN. s in the largest squids measured (P < 0.01). These ontogenetic changes in the mechanics of the escape jet suggest (1) that propulsion efficiency of the exhalant phase of the jet is highest in hatchlings, and (2) that the mechanics of the circumferential muscles of the mantle change during growth.