Increased levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine in different brain regions of rats with chronic renal insufficiency.

Tryptophan (TRP) metabolism via the kynurenine pathway leads to formations of neuroactive substances like kynurenine (KYN) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), which may be involved in the pathogenesis of several human brain diseases. 3-Hydroxykynurenine especially is known to have strong neurotoxic properties. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to neuronal cell death with apoptotic features. Because the chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) results in disturbances in the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS), it is conceivable that the metabolism of some kynurenines may be altered and could play an important role in uremic encephalopathy. The levels of TRP, KYN and 3-HK were measured in the plasma and in different brain regions of uremic rats. The total plasma concentration of TRP as well as in all the studied brain samples was significantly diminished during uremia. Surprisingly, the level of KYN and 3-HK were elevated both in the plasma and different brain regions of CRI animals. KYN concentrations were approximately two times higher in the cerebellum, midbrain and cortex compared to the control group. The changes of 3-HK levels were more pronounced in the striatum and medulla than in other structures. This data suggests that CRI results in deep disturbances on the kynurenine pathway in CNS, which could be responsible for neurological abnormalities seen in uremia.