Pharmacological regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the key endocrine factor regulating systemic Ca(2+) homeostasis. Elevated levels of circulating PTH increase bone turnover and, depending on the duration of elevation, will result in net anabolic or catabolic effects on the skeleton. Secretion of PTH from the parathyroid glands is regulated by small changes in circulating levels of Ca(2+) which are detected by a Ca(2+) receptor on the surface of parathyroid cells. This G protein-coupled receptor is the primary molecular entity used by parathyroid cells to regulate secretion of PTH. As such, the Ca(2+) receptor is a unique molecular target for new drugs capable of increasing or decreasing circulating levels of PTH. Compounds which activate the Ca(2+) receptor are termed calcimimetics and they inhibit the secretion of PTH; a calcimimetic compound is in late stage clinical trials for the treatment of both primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Conversely, calcilytic compounds, which are Ca(2+) receptor antagonists, stimulate secretion of PTH; a calcilytic compound is in early clinical development for the treatment of osteoporosis.