Antifibrotic properties of botanicals in chronic liver disease.

Cirrhosis of the liver is a major complication of various chronic liver diseases and results from excess production and decreased degradation of extracellular matrix. Proinflammatory cytokines, toxic metabolites and certain drugs can trigger enhanced fibrogenesis in hepatic stellate cells and myofibroblasts, the major matrix-producing cells. Since treatment of established cirrhosis is limited, therapeutic interventions that inhibit or mitigate fibrogenesis are needed. Numerous drugs have been investigated for their antifibrotic potential and botanicals constitute a significant fraction of them. Colchicine has been used to treat various chronic liver diseases with controversial results. To date, there is a lack of studies in appropriate animal models and well-controlled human trials to demonstrate its antifibrotic properties. Silymarin has so far failed to clearly show an antifibrotic effect in human studies, whereas animal experiments suggest that this mixture of flavolignanes may be beneficial in patients which have not yet developed cirrhosis. Animal studies indicate an antifibrotic potential of Shosaiko-to, a herbal combination frequently used in China and Japan for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, but mechanisms of action need to be further explored. Other botanicals include trans-resveratrol, a flavonoid extracted from grapevine, and Salvia miltiorrhiza which were shown to interfere with the process of hepatic stellate cell activation. Herbal combinations, such as compound 861 and LIV.52 were advocated as antifibrotics or hepatoprotectives, but studies in humans have either been of questionable design or resulted in cessation of the trial due to adverse outcomes.