Gene therapy of prostate cancer: current and future directions.

Prostate cancer (PCA) is the second most common cause of death from malignancy in American men. Developing new approaches for gene therapy for PCA is critical as there is no effective treatment for patients in the advanced stages of this disease. Current PCA gene therapy research strategies include cytoreductive approaches (immunotherapy and cytolytic/pro-apoptotic) and corrective approaches (replacing deleted or mutated genes). The prostate is ideal for gene therapy. It is an accessory organ, offers unique antigens (prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen, human glandular kallikrein 2 etc.) and is stereotactically accessible for in situ treatments. Viral and non-viral means are being used to transfer the genetic material into tumor cells. The number of clinical trials utilizing gene therapy methods for PCA is increasing. We review the multiple issues involved in developing effective gene therapy strategies for human PCA and early clinical results.