Albumin binding as a general strategy for improving the pharmacokinetics of proteins.

Plasma protein binding can be an effective means of improving the pharmacokinetic properties of otherwise short lived molecules. Using peptide phage display, we identified a series of peptides having the core sequence DICLPRWGCLW that specifically bind serum albumin from multiple species with high affinity. These peptides bind to albumin with 1:1 stoichiometry at a site distinct from known small molecule binding sites. Using surface plasmon resonance, the dissociation equilibrium constant of peptide SA21 (Ac-RLIEDICLPRWGCLWEDD-NH(2)) was determined to be 266 +/- 8, 320 +/- 22, and 467 +/- 47 nm for rat, rabbit, and human albumin, respectively. SA21 has an unusually long half-life of 2.3 h when injected by intravenous bolus into rabbits. A related sequence, fused to the anti-tissue factor Fab of D3H44 (Presta, L., Sims, P., Meng, Y. G., Moran, P., Bullens, S., Bunting, S., Schoenfeld, J., Lowe, D., Lai, J., Rancatore, P., Iverson, M., Lim, A., Chisholm, V., Kelley, R. F., Riederer, M., and Kirchhofer, D. (2001) Thromb. Haemost. 85, 379-389), enabled the Fab to bind albumin with similar affinity to that of SA21 while retaining the ability of the Fab to bind tissue factor. This interaction with albumin resulted in reduced in vivo clearance of 25- and 58-fold in mice and rabbits, respectively, when compared with the wild-type D3H44 Fab. The half-life was extended 37-fold to 32.4 h in rabbits and 26-fold to 10.4 h in mice, achieving 25-43% of the albumin half-life in these animals. These half-lives exceed those of a Fab'(2) and are comparable with those seen for polyethylene glycol-conjugated Fab molecules, immunoadhesins, and albumin fusions, suggesting a novel and generic method for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of rapidly cleared proteins.