Genetic instability in human mismatch repair deficient cancers.

Cancers showing microsatellite instability (MSI-H) are frequent tumors characterized by inactivating alterations of mismatch repair (MMR) genes that lead to an incapacity to recognize and repair errors that occur during DNA replication. These cancers can be inherited as in the human non-polyposis colorectal cancer syndrome, or can occur sporadically in 10-15% of colorectal, gastric and endometrial cancers. MSI-H tumors have different clinicopathological features compared to cancers without this phenotype, termed MSS, and the repertoire of genetic events involved in tumoral progression of both phenotypes is thought to be different. In MSI-H tumors, most of the genetic changes occur at both non-coding and coding microsatellites that are particularly prone to errors during replication due to their repetitive sequence. This mechanism appears to be the main "genetic pathway" by which functional changes with putative oncogenic effects are accumulated in these tumors.