Histone h1(0) and its carboxyl-terminal domain bind in the major groove of DNA.

The binding of histone H1(0) to T4 bacteriophage DNA was investigated using thermal denaturation of the DNA titrated with varying concentrations of protein. The H1(0) used was expressed in and purified from a strain of E. coli and is therefore homogeneous with respect to H1 subtype and posttranslational modifications. Two types of T4 DNA were used: wild-type, which contains a modification of the cytosine residues that projects into the major groove: and a mutant type, which lacks the modification of the cytosines. Data were compared to simulated thermal denaturation curves to determine estimates for binding affinity and binding site size in base pairs of the protein. Analysis of the data yielded values of 10(8) M(-1) for K, the binding affinity, and 10 base pairs for n, the number of base pairs covered by one protein, for the mutant T4 DNA. Analysis of the wild-type DNA data suggested that the glucose projecting into the major groove of this DNA decreases the number of sites to which the H1(0) protein can bind, indicating that there are interactions between the protein and the major groove of DNA. The binding site size on this DNA is 10 base pairs, the same as on the unmodified DNA. The affinity for wild-type DNA is slightly higher, 10(9) M(-1). Data were collected and analyzed for binding of two domains of the protein as well, the carboxyl-terminal domain and the central globular domain. Binding of the carboxyl-terminal domain was quantitatively and qualitatively similar to that of the full-length protein. In contrast, binding of the globular domain was quite different: it binds much more weakly, with a K of 6 x 10(4) M(-1), and covers fewer base pairs, with an n of 3. Also, there was no evidence that the globular domain interacts with the major groove of DNA.