Localisation of Globodera pallida FMRFamide-related peptide encoding genes using in situ hybridisation.

The present study employed an in situ hybridisation technique to detect the expression of a number of FMRFamide-like peptide encoding (flp) genes, previously identified from Globodera pallida, in whole-mount preparations of the J(2) stage of this worm. gpflp-1, encoding the FMRFamide-related peptide (FaRP) KSAYMRFamide, was expressed in neurones associated with the circumpharyngeal nerve ring and specifically in a number of cell bodies in the lumbar ganglia of the perianal nerve ring. The lumbar ganglia and pre-anal ganglia along with the BDU neurones and a number of cells in the retrovesicular ganglion were observed to express gpflp-2, encoding KNKFEFIRFamide. gpflp-3 (encoding KHEYLRFamide) expression was localised to the anterior ganglion and a number of paired cells posterior to the circumpharyngeal nerve ring whilst expression of gpflp-4, encoding a number of -P(G/Q)VLRFamides, was localised to the retrovesicular ganglion. No expression of gpflp-5 was observed. Identification of the reactive cells has implicated distinct roles for the FaRPs encoded on these genes in regulation of both dorsal and ventral body wall muscles, the musculature of the vulva and in the function of a number of sensory structures in both the head and tail of G. pallida. Comparison with the expression patterns of analogous genes in Caenorhabditis elegans suggests that, whilst some of the encoded peptides are conserved between nematode species, their functions therein are distinct. Furthermore, the expression of some of these genes in a number of interneurones supports the idea that FaRPs fulfil neuromodulatory as well as neurotransmitter roles.