Dynamical model of long-term synaptic plasticity.

Long-term synaptic plasticity leading to enhancement in synaptic efficacy (long-term potentiation, LTP) or decrease in synaptic efficacy (long-term depression, LTD) is widely regarded as underlying learning and memory in nervous systems. LTP and LTD at excitatory neuronal synapses are observed to be induced by precise timing of pre- and postsynaptic events. Modification of synaptic transmission in long-term plasticity is a complex process involving many pathways; for example, it is also known that both forms of synaptic plasticity can be induced by various time courses of Ca(2+) introduction into the postsynaptic cell. We present a phenomenological description of a two-component process for synaptic plasticity. Our dynamical model reproduces the spike time-dependent plasticity of excitatory synapses as a function of relative timing between pre- and postsynaptic events, as observed in recent experiments. The model accounts for LTP and LTD when the postsynaptic cell is voltage clamped and depolarized (LTP) or hyperpolarized (LTD) and no postsynaptic action potentials are evoked. We are also able to connect our model with the Bienenstock, Cooper, and Munro rule. We give model predictions for changes in synaptic strength when periodic spike trains of varying frequency and Poisson distributed spike trains with varying average frequency are presented pre- and postsynaptically. When the frequency of spike presentation exceeds approximately 30-40 Hz, only LTP is induced.