Inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB activation in PC3 cells by genistein is mediated via Akt signaling pathway.

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in menin the United States. Genistein is a prominent isoflavonoid found in soy products and has been proposed to be responsible for lowering the rate of prostate cancer in Asians. However, the molecular mechanism(s) by which genistein elicits its effects on prostate cancer cells has not been fully elucidated. We have previously shown that genistein induces apoptosis and inhibits the activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway, which could be mediated via Akt signaling pathway, the most important survival pathway in cellular signaling. In this study, we investigated whether there is any cross-talk between Akt and NF-kappaB during genistein-induced apoptosis in PC3 prostate cancer cells. We found that genistein inhibits cell growth and induces apoptotic processes in PC3 prostate cancer cells but not in nontumorigenic CRL-2221 human prostate epithelial cells. Immunoprecipitation, kinase assays, and Western blot analysis showed that genistein specifically inhibits Akt kinase activity and abrogates the epidermal growth factor-induced activation of Akt in prostate cancer cells. NF-kappaB DNA-binding analysis and transfection studies with Akt cDNA and NF-kappaB-Luc constructs revealed that Akt transfection results in the induction of NF-kappaB activation and this is completely inhibited by genistein treatment. Moreover, genistein abrogated the epidermal growth factor-induced activation of NF-kappaB, which was mediated via Akt signaling pathway. From these results, we conclude that the inhibition of Akt and NF-kappaB activity and their cross-talk provide a novel mechanism by which genistein inhibits cell growth and induces apoptotic processes in tumorigenic but not in nontumorigenic prostate epithelial cells.