Cindy Smith Greenberg1. 1. California State University, Fullerton Department of Nursing, Lake Forest, CA, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To examine the efficacy of pacifiers and sugar, alone and in combination, for pain management in neonates. METHODS: An experimental design examined pain responses of 84 newborns undergoing heelstick. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (a) water-moistened pacifier, (b) sugar-coated pacifier, (c) 2 cc of a 12% oral sucrose solution, or (d) control. Pain measures were duration of cry, vagal tone, and salivary cortisol. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that the sugar-coated pacifier group cried significantly less than the water-moistened pacifier and control groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the sugar-coated pacifier group demonstrated significantly lower vagal tone during heelstick than the oral sucrose solution and control groups. This difference between the sugar-coated pacifier and control groups persevered for 15 minutes after heelstick. CONCLUSIONS: Offering a sugar coated pacifier during heelstick in healthy neonates reduces pain behaviors more effectively than a water-moistened pacifier, 2 cc of a 12% sucrose solution, or no intervention.
RCT Entities:
PURPOSE: To examine the efficacy of pacifiers and sugar, alone and in combination, for pain management in neonates. METHODS: An experimental design examined pain responses of 84 newborns undergoing heelstick. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (a) water-moistened pacifier, (b) sugar-coated pacifier, (c) 2 cc of a 12% oral sucrose solution, or (d) control. Pain measures were duration of cry, vagal tone, and salivary cortisol. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that the sugar-coated pacifier group cried significantly less than the water-moistened pacifier and control groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the sugar-coated pacifier group demonstrated significantly lower vagal tone during heelstick than the oral sucrose solution and control groups. This difference between the sugar-coated pacifier and control groups persevered for 15 minutes after heelstick. CONCLUSIONS: Offering a sugar coated pacifier during heelstick in healthy neonates reduces pain behaviors more effectively than a water-moistened pacifier, 2 cc of a 12% sucrose solution, or no intervention.
Authors: Rebecca R Pillai Riddell; Nicole M Racine; Hannah G Gennis; Kara Turcotte; Lindsay S Uman; Rachel E Horton; Sara Ahola Kohut; Jessica Hillgrove Stuart; Bonnie Stevens; Diana M Lisi Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Date: 2015-12-02
Authors: Jordana A Waxman; Rebecca R Pillai Riddell; Paula Tablon; Louis A Schmidt; Angelina Pinhasov Journal: Pain Res Manag Date: 2016-04-20 Impact factor: 3.037