Molecular genetic analysis of left-right handedness in plants.

Handedness in plant growth may be most familiar to us when we think of tendrils or twining plants, which generally form consistent right- or left-handed helices as they climb. The petals of several species are sometimes arranged like fan blades that twist in the same direction. Another less conspicuous example is 'circumnutation', the oscillating growth of axial organs, which alternates between a clockwise and an anti-clockwise direction. To unravel molecular components and cellular determinants of handedness, we screened Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings for helical growth mutants with fixed handedness. Recessive spiral1 and spiral2 mutants show right-handed helical growth in roots, hypocotyls, petioles and petals; semi-dominant lefty1 and lefty2 mutants show opposite left-handed growth in these organs. lefty mutations are epistatic to spiral mutations. Arabidopsis helical growth mutants with fixed handedness may be impaired in certain aspects of cortical microtubule functions, and characterization of the mutated genes should lead us to a better understanding of how microtubules function in left-right handedness in plants.