Advances in QSAR studies of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

A review is presented of the recent advances in quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors. These inhibitors have been put into two classes: nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs), which are 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues (ddNs), and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs). For NRTIs (ddNs), which act as competitive inhibitors or alternate substrates of RT and hence interact at the substrate binding site of the enzyme, QSARs have pointed out the major role of the electronic factors governing their activity. For NNRTIs, which bind to a site entirely distinct from the substrate binding site, the activity has been shown to be largely dependent upon the hydrophobic nature of the compounds or substituents. The hydrophobic nature of the active site in the receptor with which the NNRTIs interact provides relatively few possibilities for the molecules to have polar interactions or hydrogen bondings, but QSARs have indicated that NNRTIs do involve some polar interactions and hydrogen bondings with some pockets of the enzyme. QSARs also indicate the significant roles of steric interactions and conformational shape of the molecule.