[A case of tongueworms (Pentastomida): a specific problem in context of the modern phylogenetics].

A short essay on anatomy, ultrastructure and larval development, life cycles, classification, palaeontology and phylogenetic relationships of Pentastomida is given. Currently, the Pentastomida are usually placed within Crustacea, as sister group of Branchiura (Crustacea, Maxillopoda). The grounds are striking similarities in ultrastructures of spermatozoa and congruence in the 18S rRNA nucleotide sequence. Both taxa are however sharply disparate in all other characters concerning morphology, embryology, life cycles and geological history. A direct introduction of Pentastomida in the system of Crustacea implies an unjustified inflation of the taxonomic diagnosis of the latter group; hence it is unacceptable. Two alternative hypotheses are suggested as tentative phylogenetic relationships to be tested. Each hypothesis infers however a very complex and unlikely evolutionary scenario. 1) Pentastomida and Branchiura are true sister groups as justified by coincidence in spermatozoan ultrastructure and sequence of ribosomal RNA. Since their divergence, the evolutions of pentastomids and branchiurans ran in different milieus, in different shapes and with different rates. To present time, the pentastomids lost nearly all characters of maxillopods and crustaceans as well as majority of anthropod features. 2) Pentastomida and Branchiura are not close related. The similarity in ultrastructural details of spermatozoa may be occasional or resulted from convergent evolution with unknown factors. Coincidence in nucleotide sequences or ribosomal RNA should be reexamined and tested with other pentastomid species. The second hypothesis seems to be more likely.