Piscirickettsiosis and piscirickettsiosis-like infections in fish: a review.

Piscirickettsia salmonis was the first "rickettsia-like" bacteria to be recognized as a pathogenic agent of fish. Since the first reports of piscirickettsiosis emerged from Chile in the late 1980s, Piscirickettsia-like bacteria have been recognized with increasing frequency in a variety of fish species, from both fresh and saltwaters around the world. Although the first reported incidents of Piscirickettsia were in salmonids, Piscirickettsia-like bacteria are now being frequently associated with disease syndromes in non-salmonid fish. Mortalities have occurred in white seabass (Atactoscion noblis), black seabass (Dicentrarchus sp.), tilapia (Oreochromis, Tilapia and Sarotherodon spp.) and blue-eyed plecostomus (Panaque suttoni). Piscirickettsiosis and piscirickettsiosis-like diseases have affected aquaculture productivity, profitability, the species of fish compatible with commercial rearing, and transportation of fish from site to site. Piscirickettsiosis and syndromes caused by similar bacteria are an emerging disease complex that will increasingly inhibit fish production.