Molecular diagnostics: hurdles for clinical implementation.

In the coming years, molecular diagnostics will continue to be of critical importance to public health worldwide. It will facilitate the detection and characterization of disease, as well as monitoring of the drug response, and will assist in the identification of genetic modifiers and disease susceptibility. A wide range of molecular-based tests is available to assess DNA variation and changes in gene expression. However, there are major hurdles to overcome before the implementation of these tests in clinical laboratories, such as which test to employ, the choice of technology and equipment, and issues such as cost-effectiveness, accuracy, reproducibility, personnel training, reimbursement by third-party payers and intellectual property. At present, PCR-based testing predominates; however, alternative technologies aimed at reducing genome complexity without PCR are anticipated to gain momentum in the coming years. Furthermore, development of integrated chip devices ("lab-on-a-chip") should allow point-of-care testing and facilitate genetic readouts from single cells and molecules. Together with proteomic-based testing, these advances will improve molecular diagnostic testing and will present additional challenges for implementing such testing in health care settings.