Implications of the human genome project for the identification of genetic risk of coronary heart disease and its prevention in children.

Most male citizens of Western countries already have some degree of atherosclerosis by the age of 18, indicating that initiation of atherosclerosis in childhood is a virtually ubiquitous process. This process has a strong genetic component. However, identifying the exact nature of that component is not an easy task, because in the overwhelming majority of cases atherosclerosis is due not to disorders in single genes but to the effects of many genes operating together against a variable environmental background. The preliminary results of the sequencing of the human genome indicate fewer genes, but more complexity in the regulation of the expression of these genes, than was previously thought. For these reasons it is likely that prediction and management of atherosclerotic risk in children in the next years will depend not on the results of genetic testing, but on the differentiated analysis of classical risk factors. These issues are discussed in detail in this review.