Correlates of received and expressed violence persistence following substance abuse treatment.

This study examined different types of violence (i.e. 'expressed' towards others and 'received' from others) across different relationship types (i.e. 'partners' and 'non-partners') among men and women in substance abuse treatment, and during a 2-year follow-up period. For received violence, participants were divided into three groups: no-violence before or after treatment, violence before treatment only, and violence both before and after treatment. Similarly, participants also were divided into three groups based on expressed violence: no-violence before or after treatment, violence before treatment only, and violence both before and after treatment. Both expressed and received violence (either before or after treatment) was associated with younger age. Unique demographic markers of received violence included being female, reporting less income and greater unemployment. For both received and expressed violence, several problem severity indicators (e.g. drug consequences, psychological distress) and psychosocial relapse risk indicators (e.g. resource needs, substance-using leisure activities) differentiated those who reported violence (either before or after treatment) and those who did not report violence. In addition, received violence was related to greater exposure to substances whereas expressed violence was related to greater cocaine use and craving. Continued received and expressed violence post-treatment was related to substance use during the follow-up, recruitment from inpatient treatment, and baseline psychological distress (expressed violence only). The results are consistent with contemporary models of violence specifying the impact of substance use, social/contextual and individual difference factors, and highlight risk factors that could be targeted during treatment to potentially reduce post-treatment substance use and violence. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Irealnd Ltd.