Gastrinoma.

Gastrinoma treatment has evolved considerably in the last 20 years. In particular, the advent of effective acid-reducing pharmacologic agents has changed the primary morbidity of this disease entity from one of acid hypersecretion to one of tumor growth and spread. Thus, while symptoms can be temporized using histamine receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, or somatostatin analogs, cure can be effected only by surgical means. Recent advances in operative techniques and pre- and intra-operative imaging studies, including routine duodenotomy, somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy, and intraoperative ultrasound, have allowed for identification and subsequent resection of more than 95% of gastrinoma tumors. Most experts agree that all sporadic cases of localized gastrinoma should be excised. In addition, debulking of metastatic tumor may improve symptoms and survival when cure cannot be ascertained. There is, however, some controversy as to the surgical approach for gastrinoma found in the setting of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1. Because of the usual multiplicity and particular indolence of these tumors, two primary strategies have emerged: aggressive approaches have been advocated in an effort to eradicate all present and potential tumor; and less aggressive, or nonoperative, approaches have been suggested because it is unclear whether intervention offers survival or disease-free benefit in this population. We advocate surgical intervention for patients with gastrinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 when tumors exceed 2.5 cm in size. This tumor size has been associated with a higher likelihood of hepatic metastases, which ultimately affects survival. The role of adjuvant therapies for gastrinoma remains limited.