Regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II synthesis by interleukin-10.

We have shown previously that interleukin-10 (IL-10) blocks the development and T-cell stimulatory capacity of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells, without apparently down-regulating the surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules or human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. In the majority of donors (60%), the cell surface levels of HLA-DR actually increased upon IL-10 treatment. Here we have shown that IL-10 does not regulate HLA-DR transcription as assessed by polymerase chain reation. Epifluorescence microscopy analysis showed that IL-10 primarily increased the intracellular pool of HLA-DR. In fact, IL-10 directly increased HLA-DR protein synthesis. However, IL-10 did not significantly alter the synthesis of invariant chain (Ii), which plays a crucial role in the assembly, transport and loading of newly formed HLA class II molecules, nor the amount of Ii reaching the cell-surface. In contrast, IL-10 increased the amount of HLA-DR-bound Iip33 shortly after the HLA-DR complex assembly. We postulate that, upon IL-10 treatment, immature Ii-associated HLA II molecules can still transit to the cell surface as they do in immature dendritic cells and recycle to the intracellular space, where they accumulate. A higher proportion of Ii-associated HLA-DR, coupled to increased membrane recycling, may contribute to the lower T-cell stimulatory capacity of IL-10-treated dendritic cells.