PURPOSE: Test to determine if iontophoresis and electroporation, alone or in combination, can be used for rapid and modulated delivery of fentanyl. METHODS: Fentanyl citrate (5 mg/ml) dissolved in pH 4.0 citrate buffer was delivered in vitro across human epidermis. For iontophoresis. a current of 0.5 mA/cm2 was applied for 5 h, using silver/silver chloride electrodes. Electroporation protocol consisted of applying 15 exponential pulses of 500V (applied voltage) and 200 msec duration at the rate of 1 pulse per minute at time zero and, in some cases, repeating at 1.5 and 2.5 h. RESULTS: There was no measurable permeation of fentanyl through human epidermis under passive conditions. A significant flux (about 80 microg/cm2-hr) was achieved using iontophoresis and decreased once the current was turned off. A 4-fold higher flux and shorter lag time was observed with electroporation as compared to iontophoresis. The flux was found to recover quickly (within 1 h) following pulsing. Modulation of transdermal delivery of fentanyl was demonstrated by both iontophoresis and electroporation. CONCLUSIONS: Electrically assisted transdermal delivery of fentanyl significantly increased transport compared to passive delivery. Also, rapid and modulated delivery was shown to be feasible by programming the electrical parameters.
PURPOSE: Test to determine if iontophoresis and electroporation, alone or in combination, can be used for rapid and modulated delivery of fentanyl. METHODS:Fentanyl citrate (5 mg/ml) dissolved in pH 4.0 citrate buffer was delivered in vitro across human epidermis. For iontophoresis. a current of 0.5 mA/cm2 was applied for 5 h, using silver/silver chloride electrodes. Electroporation protocol consisted of applying 15 exponential pulses of 500V (applied voltage) and 200 msec duration at the rate of 1 pulse per minute at time zero and, in some cases, repeating at 1.5 and 2.5 h. RESULTS: There was no measurable permeation of fentanyl through human epidermis under passive conditions. A significant flux (about 80 microg/cm2-hr) was achieved using iontophoresis and decreased once the current was turned off. A 4-fold higher flux and shorter lag time was observed with electroporation as compared to iontophoresis. The flux was found to recover quickly (within 1 h) following pulsing. Modulation of transdermal delivery of fentanyl was demonstrated by both iontophoresis and electroporation. CONCLUSIONS: Electrically assisted transdermal delivery of fentanyl significantly increased transport compared to passive delivery. Also, rapid and modulated delivery was shown to be feasible by programming the electrical parameters.
Authors: M A Ashburn; J Streisand; J Zhang; G Love; M Rowin; S Niu; J K Kievit; J R Kroep; M J Mertens Journal: Anesthesiology Date: 1995-05 Impact factor: 7.892
Authors: Ayyappa Chaturvedula; Dipty P Joshi; Carter Anderson; Russ Morris; Walter L Sembrowich; Ajay K Banga Journal: Pharm Res Date: 2005-08-03 Impact factor: 4.200